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Session DetailsThis page contains the abstracts of all papers included in the conference proceedings. You can use your browser's search facility to search for specific words in the abstracts. |
pages RA / D |
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1 | Opening Session | |
Welcome
Eindhoven University of Technology
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Introduction to the Conference
Eindhoven University of Technology
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Department of Computer Science, Systems and
Communications, University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy
keywords: Multi-Agent Systems,
3D modelling, Simulation.
abstract: The paper
introduces a Multi Agent Systems (MAS) approach to crowd modelling and
simulation, based on the Situated Cellular Agents (SCA) model. This is a
special class of Multilayered Multi Agent Situated System (MMASS), exploiting
basic elements of Cellular Automata. In particular SCA model provides an
explicit spatial representation and the definition of adjacency geometries, but
also a concept of autonomous agent, provided with an internal architecture, an
individual state and behaviour. The latter provides different means of
space-mediated interaction among agents: synchronous, between adjacent agents,
and asynchronous among at-a-distance entities. Heterogeneous entities may be
modelled through the specification of different agent types, defining different
behaviours and perceptive capabilities. After a brief description of the model,
its application to simple crowd behaviours will be given, and an application
providing the integration of a bidimensional simulator based on this model and
a 3D modelling application (3D Studio) will also be described. The adoption of
this kind of system allows the specification and simulation of an architectural
design with reference to the behaviour of entities that will act in it. The
system is also able to easily produce a realistic visualization of the
simulation, in order to facilitate the evaluation of the design and the
communication with involved decision-makers. In fact, while experts often
require only abstract and analytical results deriving from a quantitative
analysis of simulation results, other people involved in the decision-making
process related to the design may be helped by qualitative aspects better
represented by other forms of graphical visualization.
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University of Ljubljana; Vienna University of Technology
keywords: Scientific Knowledge
Management, Retrospective CAAD Research, Graph Theory, CAAD-Related
Publications, Web-Based Bibliographic Database
abstract: This paper
discusses the extended use of the Cumulative Index of CAAD (CUMINCAD) - a
digital library set up in 1998 serving the CAAD-community as an important
source of scientific information with over 6.000 recorded entries published
on-line. The aim of this paper is to elaborate a related Citation Index to
CUMINCAD - with over 20.000 references - and to provide information on entries
with an exceptional high impact in the CUMINCAD database. The importance is
determined through its use (citing) in the framework of afterwards published
scientific materials. By utilizing graph theory methods extensive citation
analyses will be presented illustrating the impact of particular contributions
in different research topics.
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2 | Applications of Artificial Intelligence | |
The University of Melbourne, Australia
keywords: Landslide
Susceptibility Mapping, Neural Networks, Spatial Decision Support Systems.
abstract: Landslides are a
major natural hazard in many areas of the world, and globally they cause
hundreds of billions of dollars of damage, and hundreds of thousands of deaths
and injuries each year. Landslides are the second most common natural hazard in
Turkey, and the Black Sea region of that country is particularly affected.
Therefore, landslide susceptibility mapping is one of the important issues for
urban and rural planning in Turkey. The reliability of these maps depends
mostly on the amount and quality of available data used, as well as the
selection of a robust methodology. Although statistical methods generally have
been implemented and used for evaluating landslide susceptibility and risk in
medium scale studies, they are distribution-based and cannot handle
multi-source data that are commonly collected from nature. These drawbacks are
responsible for the on-going investigations into slope instability. To overcome
these weaknesses, the desired technique must be able to handle multi-type data
and its superiority should increase as the dimensionality and/or non-linearity
of the problem increases – which is when traditional regression often fails to
produce accurate approximations. Although neural networks have some problems
with the creation of architectures, processing time, and the negative “black
box” syndrome, they still have an advantage over traditional methods in that
they can deal with the problem comprehensively and are insensitive to uncertain
data and measurement errors. Therefore, it is expected that the application of
neural networks will bring new perspectives to the assessment of landslide
susceptibility in Turkey. In this paper, the application of neural networks for
landslide susceptibility mapping will be examined and their performance as a
component of spatial decision support systems will be discussed.
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University of São Paulo, School of Engineering of São
Carlos, Brazil
keywords: Artificial Neural
Networks, Spatial Interaction Models, Education Infrastructure.
abstract: One of the
serious problems faced by the Brazilian municipalities is the scarcity of
resources for building education infrastructure. This asks for an optimal
allocation of the available resources that includes, among other things, a
rational spatial arrangement of the supply points (i.e., schools) in order to
increase the demand coverage (i.e., students). If it is possible to foresee the
regions where the demand is going to be concentrated, it is then possible to
plan the location of new facilities and to assess the impact on the future
level of service of the entire system. Considering that one of the consequences
of the location-allocation process is the distribution of trips from demand
points to supply points throughout the city, therefore affecting the overall
intraurban accessibility conditions to essential services such as education,
there is a strong need of models that planners can rely on to predict the
future trip distribution patterns. As a result, the objective of this work was
to evaluate the performance of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) when applied to
spatial interaction models, the so-called Neural Spatial Interaction Models.
This was done in a practical context, in contrast to the more theoretical works
commonly found in literature. The practical application showed that the neural
spatial interaction model had different performances when compared to the
traditional gravity models. In one case the neural models outperformed the
gravity models, while on the other case it was just the opposite. The
explanation for this may be in the data or in the ANN model formulation, as
discussed in the conclusions.
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Department of Architecture and Planning – Polytechnic of
Milan, Italy; Semeion Centre – Rome, Italy
keywords: Neural Networks,
Self-Organizing Maps, Land-Use Dynamics, Supervised Networks.
abstract: It is widely
accepted that the spatial pattern of settlements is a crucial factor affecting
quality of life and environmental sustainability, but few recent studies have
attempted to examine the phenomenon of sprawl by modelling the process rather
than adopting a descriptive approach. The issue was partly addressed by models
of land use and transportation which were mainly developed in the UK and US in
the 1970s and 1980s, but the major advances were made in the area of modelling
transportation, while very little was achieved in the area of spatial and
temporal land use. Models of land use and transportation are well-established
tools, based on explicit, exogenously-formulated rules within a theoretical
framework. The new approaches of artificial intelligence, and in particular,
systems involving parallel processing, (Neural Networks, Cellular Automata and
Multi-Agent Systems) defined by the expression “Neurocomputing”, allow problems
to be approached in the reverse, bottom-up, direction by discovering rules,
relationships and scenarios from a database. In this article we examine the
hypothesis that territorial micro-transformations occur according to a local
logic, i.e. according to use, accessibility, the presence of services and
conditions of centrality, periphericity or isolation of each territorial “cell”
relative to its surroundings. The prediction capabilities of different
architectures of supervised Neural networks are implemented to the south
Metropolitan area of Milan at two different temporal thresholds and discussed.
Starting from data on land use in 1980 and 1994 and by subdividing the area
into square cells on an orthogonal grid, the model produces a spatial and
functional map of urbanisation in 2008. An implementation of the SOM (Self
Organizing Map) processing to the Data Base allows the typologies of
transformation to be identified, i.e. the classes of area which are transformed
in the same way and which give rise to territorial morphologies; this is an
interesting by-product of the approach.
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3 | Viualisation for Design and Decision Support 1 | |
RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
keywords: Scenario Planning,
Geographical Visualisation, GIS, Multimedia, VRML.
abstract: This paper
examines the development of a prototype suite of on-line integrated
multimedia-GIS tools to assist in bottom up decision-making. These tools are
being developed in the context of scenario planning to enable the community to
actively explore different land use options and the implication of government
structure and strategic plans. A case study approach is undertaken, focusing on
the Jewell Station Neighbourhood, situated in the City of Moreland, Greater
Melbourne Region, Australia. The paper documents the first stage of the
project, in developing three land use scenarios delivered through a range of
technologies including: VRML, HTML, GIS, Pixmaker and Flash. The paper
concludes by outlining the future directions of this research that include: the
construction of a virtual sandbox, usability testing, and community
consultation.
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The University of New South Wales, Australia
keywords: Spatial Decision
Support System, Public Housing, Community Renewal, Security, Open Source,
Interoperability, Visualisation, 3D GIS, PPGIS, X3D.
abstract: This paper is
reporting on a research project undertaken jointly between the University of
New South Wales (UNSW) and the NSW Department of Housing (DoH) to develop a
Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) to assist planning, management and
evaluation in areas of high public housing concentration. In the paper we will
describe the development of the SDSS, the specific spatial problems challenging
the DoH and the potential for the system to incorporate a range of social,
financial and physical data, both internal and from other sources, for
interaction and presentation in a three dimensional environment. The prototype
SDSS attempts to address the specific challenges of providing better service
for clients of the DoH. An information audit and survey has been conducted of
the department’s resources and needs. Issues identified include the management
of high-rise and superlot areas, crime mapping, community interactivity,
internal and intergovernmental information sharing, interoperability and
maintaining confidentiality and security of data. Interactive 3D visualisation
of the model is facilitated by use of the 3map free geospace platform. Use of
open source code and open standards such as X3D for 3D graphics interchange
allow the project to explore advanced visualisation techniques while ensuring
interoperability and data longevity.
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Faculty of Engineering, Kanazawa University, Japan
keywords: WEBGIS, JAVA3d,
Planning restrictions, Public participation.
abstract: The district
plan in Japan is designed and implemented through public participation, which
is based on the zone restrictions of land use system. The usable space of a
building can be generated according to the zone restrictions implemented in a
district plan, which include the planning controls of high altitude, oblique
line and so on. Residents can choose control items as their preference in order
to control the urban physical environment of the district. In this paper, we
discuss how to generate the virtual world according to the data set of GIS
including planning control items and how it can work for net participation. In
the future, we would like to conduct an Internet social experiment with the
cooperation of a city government and residents in order to support the district
plan in a local city.
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4a | Spatial Simulation | |
Department of Geography, University of Sheffield,
England; School of Planning and Landscape, University of Manchester, England;
School of Geography, University of Leeds, England
keywords: Spatial
Microsimulation, Spatial Decision Support Systems, Geotools.
abstract: This paper
discusses the potential of a spatial microsimulation-based decision support
system for policy analysis. The system can be used to describe current
conditions and issues in neighbourhoods, predict future trends in the
composition and health of neighbourhoods and conduct modelling and predictive
analysis to measure the likely impact of policy interventions at the local
level. A large dynamic spatial micro-simulation model is being constructed for
the population of Leeds (approximately 715,000 individuals) based on spatial
microsimulation techniques in conjunction with a range of data, including 2001
Census data for Output Areas and sample data from the British Household Panel
Survey. The project has three main aims as follows: (i) to develop a static
microsimulation model to describe current conditions in Leeds; (ii) to enable
the performance of ‘What if?’ analysis on a range of policy scenarios; and
(iii) to develop a dynamic microsimulation model to predict future conditions
in Leeds under different policy scenarios. The paper reports progress in
meeting the above aims and outlines the associated difficulties and data
issues. One of the significant advantages of the spatial microsimulation
approach adopted by this project is that it enables the user to query any
combination of variables that is deemed desirable for policy analysis. The
paper will illustrate the software tool being developed in the context of this
project that is capable of carrying out queries of this type and of mapping
their results. The decision support tool is being developed to support
policy-makers concerned with urban regeneration and neighbourhood renewal.
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Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan;
Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan; Kogakuin University, Tokyo, Japan; The
University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
keywords: Community-Based
Planning for Disaster Mitigation, Fire Spreading, Fire Fighting Activity,
Cellular Automata Modeling, Planning Support Tool.
abstract: As a tool to
support collaboration in community-based planning for disaster mitigation in
Japanese old wooden built-up areas, we attempt to develop a fire spreading
simulation model incorporated a fire fighting activity using Cellular Automata
(CA). The proposed model can deal with the process of fire spreading in a
building that traditional models can not represent. Whether or not fire can
spread is based on a stochastic calculation process to reproduce uncertain fire
spreading. The errors caused by the stochastic factor are analyzed by carrying
out simulation two or more times under the same condition. Moreover, the
reproductivity of the model is examined by comparing simulation results with
actual fire records.
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Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College
London
keywords: Pedestrian Modelling,
Retail Movement, Shortest-Path, Genetic Algorithms
abstract: This paper
introduces a study of pedestrian behaviour modelling which incorporates ideas
about agent-based systems and the traffic models based on the
utility-maximization theory. The aim of this study is to examine the applicable
scope of one of the basic assumptions in existing spatial behaviour models; the
route with shortest distance maximizes the utility of each pedestrian’s travel.
Although shortest-path models have been widely used in the field of Traffic
management to predict routing behaviour, there can be seen a lot of erratic
behaviour in urban areas, shopping migration behaviour for instance, which can
not be explained by them. Thus, it is important to identify other possible
influential factors on their utility maximization process in order to develop
more explicable models of pedestrian movements. In this study, we implemented a
simulation model using the shortest-path model as one of evaluation criteria of
Genetic Algorithms (GA) to computationally emulate retail movements of shoppers
in a big shopping centre and to test the accuracy of the model by comparison
between the routes estimated by the model and actual trajectories of shoppers.
This simulation system will be used as a platform for further modelling.
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Graduate Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Chinese Culture University
keywords: Genetic Algorithms,
Decision Support System, GIS, Evacuation Path
abstract: Because of the
special geography features and subtropics weather in Taiwan, we need to provide
correct information to help people making decision when they are in disaster.
So the disaster decision support system must offer proper information of
evacuation path to people. This research has shown the difficulties associated
with the GIS and the flooding evacuation path search through the huge searching
space generated during the network analysis process. This research also
presents an approach to these problems by utilizing a search process whose
concept is derived from natural genetics. Genetic algorithms (GAs) have been
introduced in the optimization problem solving area by Holland (1975) and
Goldberg (1989) and have shown their usefulness through numerous applications.
We apply GA and GIS to choice flooding evacuation path in metropolitan area in
this study. We take the region of Shiji city in Taiwan for case. Firstly, we
establish the node relationship of GA calculation, the level of the weight is
the standard of the date that is exported by Disaster Database. Secondly, we
apply GA to calculate different evacuation path in different time series.
Finally, we build the model of choosing flooding evacuation path.
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4b | Design Research and Support | |
MAP-CRAI – Architecture and landscape Modeling - Research
Center in Architecture and Engineering, Architecture School of Nancy, France
keywords: Weight Given to Terms,
Image Describers, Semantic Description, Visual Criteria.
abstract: Architectural
design is a domain where using pictures (e.g., drawing, photographs, …) is
essential because the nature of the information transmitted by photographic
image is often easier to interpret. The fact is that an image requires less
interpretation than a text. The information transmitted by image (element
shape, colour, light, ...) is already “put in shape” and so can be more easily
integrated into the design process. This paper presents a way to index more
efficiently an image database of the wooden architecture domain. Images in our
databases illustrate real architectural elements. This work aims to analyse the
representation of the real element illustrated by images. The analysis will
allow us to identify some criteria related to the visual features of each
image. The identified criteria will be used in a discriminating way to
associate a weight with an indexation term describing its representation
illustrated by an image. The importance of that representation (according to
what is seen at first) is evaluated depending on graphic rules which correspond
to the graphic properties of the representation of the element in each image.
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Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
keywords: Levels, Hierarchy,
Architecture, Composition, Complexity, Control.
abstract: The notion of
Level (in a scale of Levels) is probably the most authentic notion in
Architecture. Already in the work of Vitruvius the notion is implicitly present
in the triad ‘ordinatio – symmetria – eurythmia’. In more recent times, the
notion always appears in relation with hierarchical organization as a means of
control of quality. However used in drawings and in architectural discourse,
the term lacks precision; there are many types of level like abstraction,
specification, dependency, resolution levels etc., but no operational
definition can be found as a notion that structures architectural objects and
design processes simultaneously in a consistent way. Defining this notion of
Level is the purpose of this paper. An example of application in an
architectural decision-making process completes the paper.
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Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Katholieke
Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
keywords: Design Process, Design
Method, Design Strategy, Re-Design, Design Tool
abstract: Addressing the
issue of building re-use, this paper reports on the development of a re-design
tool, which aims at helping students and novices (and even experienced
architects) in understanding design decisions that have steered existing
re-design projects. Furthermore the tool tries to support designers in using
this understanding in their own design projects. The paper starts by situating
the re-design tool within the overall research setup, and continues by
motivating the observations that have led to developing this tool. The core of
the paper describes the re-design tool itself and illustrates it with a
concrete example. Finally, the tool is framed within the wider context of
(architectural) design research, so as to explore where the tool accords or
collides with generally accepted design theories.
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Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
keywords: Architectural
Re-Design, Design Process, Case-Based Design, Reduction Mechanisms.
abstract: Observation of
the design process of an architect shows that, while building up an
argumentation for taking a design decision, different mechanisms of data
transformation are used. The paper argues that this transformation is a key
element in understanding architectural design processes. A theoretical
description of these mechanisms forms the framework to discus a sequence of
design decisions derived from a real-world design situation. After outlining
how this can be implemented in a case-based design supporting tool, the paper
concludes with a discussion of advantages and downsides the use of the tool
might entail.
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5 | Viualisation for Design and Decision Support 2 | |
Graduate School of Computational Design, National Yunlin
University of Science & Technology, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
keywords: Design Support System,
Sensibility Ergonomics, Color Coordination, Color Image.
abstract: Color selection
plays a vitally important role in creating impressions of individuals or
companies because colors have sensibility aspects and relate to some images or
associations. Based on both the theory of color harmony and the sensibility
ergonomics, some quantitative and systematic researches on the color image have
been developed. In this paper, we suggest a color coordinate system that
supports the color analysis and the color harmony functions using color images,
which can be captured by corresponding adjective words. We focus on a system
prototype for interior design domain to exemplify our concepts in this paper,
even though this system can be applied for all design domains.
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Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
keywords: Decision Making,
Knowledge Transfer, Visualization Types, Interfunctional Communication,
Business Knowledge Visualization, Information Visualization
abstract: The transfer of
knowledge between planners and business decision makers can be improved when
planners combine traditional visualizations with business knowledge
visualizations. Today architects and urban planners use visualization methods
such as sketches, diagrams, drawings, renderings, models and animations to
illustrate their projects. While spending an enormous amount of time to
illustrate a project, almost no time is used to illustrate business relevant
information that decision makers need (i.e., revenue models, risks, return on
investments, project phases). Consequences are information overload,
misinterpretation or even misuse of information. Juxtaposing the visualizations
that planners and decision makers use reveals a major gap: Both groups use
different visualization types and are not familiar with the visualization types
of each other. This paper stresses the importance to expand the visualization
types of planners with business knowledge visualizations. First, it discusses
the functioning of visual representations for the transfer of knowledge.
Second, it introduces a general knowledge visualization framework. Third, it
illustrates examples from an innovative office that improved knowledge transfer
with decision makers in urban planning projects. We found that combining
traditional visualizations with business knowledge visualizations reduces the
information overload, prevents misinterpretation, increases the information
quality, improves communication and as a consequence improves decision making.
We found that decision makers pay extra for these visualization types, which
therefore is a new source of income for planners. The results have implications
for the education of future architects.
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6 | Agent Technology 1 | |
Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
keywords: Building Simulation,
Decision Support Systems, User Behaviour, Petri-nets, Activity Based Modelling
abstract: The aim of the
proposed project is to develop methods for the simulation of space utilisation.
Up to now no methods for building performance evaluation are available which
involve the occupants of the building. Instead, assumptions are made about
people’s movement through space and their responses to the environment. These
assumptions are input for important design decisions (e.g. capacity of
elevators, width of corridors, escape routing) sophisticated calculations (e.g.
cooling and lighting calculations) and simulations (e.g. airflow simulation,
evacuation simulation). Reliable data on human movement are very scarce and can
be valuable input to research in other research areas. New computer
technologies allow for dynamic simulations that will provide insight into the
building to be built. The research project builds upon existing methods that
need to be tailored and/or extended to apply them to the building domain and to
support real-time simulation.
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Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
keywords: Multi-Agents, Local
Land-Use Planning, Alternative Plan Generation, Reasoning, and Interaction
abstract: This paper
addresses the MASQUE multi-agent framework for generating alternative plans in
local land-use planning, In this framework agents represent land-use experts
and initiate the development of plan proposals and request each other to
express their claims in order to incrementally draw up these proposals.
Presented is a probabilistic approach to the implementation of those agents to
enable them to make decisions under uncertainty. It is described what personal
and collective beliefs they construct and use in order to strategically choose
their actions. Negotiation takes place between the initiating agent and the
others in order to reach agreement on the incorporation of the claims. The
negotiation is organized as an iterative process in which both parties consider
conciliatory adjustments of their strategies, and thus their decisions, in
order to try to find mutually accepted solutions.
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Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
keywords: Micro Simulation,
Multi-Agent Systems, Spatial Simulation Models, Scenario Analysis, Heuristic
Decision-Making, Location-Choice Behaviour, Decision-Analysis Trees,
Residential Mobility, Lifetime Utility.
abstract: SwarmCity is
being developed as a micro-simulation model, simulating the location-choice
behaviour of a population of households, retailers, firms, developers, etc.
reacting to an urban plan. The focus of SwarmCity lies –in a first phase- on
the decision-making procedures of households, conceptualised as a series of
three processes: awakening, search and choice. The methodology used to
implement these processes makes use of life-time utility and decision-analysis
trees. The final model should work as a scenario-analysis tool, allowing
planners, developers, retailers and municipalities to test
intervention-proposals, to evaluate legislations, to measure the attractiveness
of services, to quantify residential mobility, etc.
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7a | Geographical Information Systems | |
University of Minho – Department of Civil Engineering,
Braga, Portugal; State University of São Paulo – Department of Architecture,
Urbanism and Landscape, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
keywords: Sky View Factor, Urban
Geometry, GIS Extension, Urban Heat Island.
abstract: This paper
presents a second version of the 3DSkyView extension. The purpose of that
extension was to implement a calculation algorithm for assessment and
visualization of sky view factors (SVF) by means of tools available in a
Geographical Information System (GIS). The sky view factor is a thermal and
geometric parameter pointed out in the specialized literature as one of the
main causes of urban heat islands. A 3D-GIS is a powerful tool for reaching the
goal of this research because it allows the storage, treatment and analysis of
tri-dimensional urban data, in addition to a high level of flexibility for
incorporating calculation algorithms. The objective in the 3DSkyView extension
is to optimize the determination of that factor, not only reducing its
demanding calculation and graphical representation time, but also generating a
simplified tool for replacing expensive photographic equipment usually applied
on this matter. Enhancing functions of ArcView GIS 3.2, the first version of
that extension showed a very good performance allowing the automatic
delineation and determination of SVF. That performance was although limited to
a single observer point. The simulation of SVF for several view points in urban
canyons was only possible by applying the extension as many times as the number
of observers considered. Therefore, this second version was now developed in
order to allow simultaneous determination of SVF for many view points. In
addition, the 3DSkyView new interface is more flexible, in a way that the user
may choose the kind of output wanted (graphical and/or tabular). With this new
feature it is then easier to create a continuous SVF map for an entire area.
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Kogakuin University, Japan
keywords: Convenience Store
Robbery, GIS, Graph Theory, Indexes of Graphs and Networks.
abstract: This study
focuses on road environment around robbed convenience stores and elucidates the
road characteristics that are conducive to convenience store robberies by using
GIS and indexes of graphs and networks. The method of this study is as follows:
Five convenience store robberies, which occurred in Metropolitan Tokyo, were
selected from newspaper reports. Then, road networks within a 1-kilometer
radius of the robbed convenience stores were extracted from digital maps with a
scale of one-twenty five hundredth (Geographical Survey Institute and Bureau of
City Planning Tokyo Metropolitan Government). After adding the road networks
and the attributes such as road width, we investigate the road characteristics
using GIS and indexes of graphs and networks. Finally, we demonstrate several
factors associated with convenience store robberies based on this compiled
information.
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Netherlands Institute for Spatial Research, The Hague,
The Netherlands
keywords: Map Making,
Computational Tools, Interactive Decision Making.
abstract: By developing
framework plans on a large scale such as a country or a region, planners use
economic prognoses which show future needs for space for new spatial
developments expressed in units of surfaces. Planners and designers make
drawings and sketches to show where those new areas will be situated, but they
do not really measure the surfaces of spaces they created. This often leads to
incorrect images which can be wrongly understood by actors in decision making.
To avoid this problem the Netherlands Institute for Spatial Research developed
mapmaking software called RasterPlan. The purpose of this tool is to make
design decisions quantitatively checkable and transparent. The maps which
result from the RasterPlan are precise in geographical positioning and defining
the surfaces of designed areas. RasterPlan allows realization of a quantitative
program for future spatial needs for various functions such as housing, green
and water areas working, and recreation. In addition to quantitative
calculations, qualitative criteria for location choice can be also expressed in
a form of suitability maps or buffers. This paper presents an experimental
implementation of RasterPlan for the design of the future development of the
Province North Brabant.
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7b | Knowledge Representation | |
Graduate Institute of Architecture, National Chiao Tung
University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
keywords: Idea Association,
Case-Based Reasoning, Retrieval, Adaptation, Protocol Analysis
abstract: This research
makes use of a cognitive study to explore a mechanism for associating ideas in
a brainstorming session. Firstly, we propose a linking model integrating three
principles of idea association (similarity, contrast and contiguity) with two
processes of case-based reasoning (retrieval and adaptation). For identifying
the types and mechanisms of linkages within the linking model, a design
experiment and its protocol analysis was conducted. Finally, a framework for
case-based reasoning to support idea association called Dynamic Idea-Maps (DIM)
is proposed, and its components and mechanisms are elucidated.
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National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan
keywords: Design Puzzles, Design
Collage, Puzzle-Making, Andragogy, Game Play
abstract: The design
process is a puzzle-solving process. Two groups of researches that share many
similarities with Puzzle-solving design process are the process of game-playing
and playful learning. The main argument is using the “playing” characteristics
to amplify and explore the learning process, furthermore the design process. In
addition, puzzles imply playful exploration that utilizes the characteristics
of “playing a game” as “solving a puzzle”. Puzzle making and puzzle solving
provides an incremental exploration mechanism that is more intuitive for design
learning. For understanding and realizing puzzles in design learning, this
research is divided into two stages of researches—manual design puzzles and
interactive design puzzles. By analysing the outcome from manual design
puzzles, this research proposes a framework called (interactive) “design
puzzles”. The conceptual and implementation framework of this view of design is
elaborated in this paper as well as a particular design puzzle called puzzle
collage is described as the realization of design puzzles.
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Faculty of Creative Multimedia, Multimedia University,
Cyberjaya Malaysia; Innotive Resarch Lab, Innotive Corporation, Multimedia
University, Cyberjaya Malaysia
keywords: InnotiveBrowser,
Digital Asset Management, Multimedia Archiving, VR Technology
abstract: This paper
explains the results of a collaborative research project between Multimedia
University (Malaysia) and Innotive Corporation (Korea) to manage, design a
multimedia archiving system and visualising knowledge for the students or the
users in the Faculty of Creative Multimedia, Multimedia University. This
research introduces InnotiveBrowser technology, a high performance multimedia
display software that enhances the ability of user to search and discover
digital content. The unique result of this method is that the images to be
viewed are not limited to available RAM, instead the content utilises the
available storage directly from the disk (hard drives). In other words, the
larger the size of the hard disk, the greater the number of content information
can be stored and displayed. This system is employed with Virtual Reality (VR)
techniques particularly imparting viewing technology (pixel-on-demand) and
navigation strategy to increase the viewing speed of multimedia information in
real-time over the Internet, broadband and even via PDA platforms. This
research hopes to set the benchmark for multimedia archiving system that can be
applied in other CAD, CAAD or most of the design or production-based teaching
and learning environment. The early findings of this research have been
patented and this paper will demonstrate the research ideas and explain how we
implement and customise the technology and content development in the Faculty
of Creative Multimedia, Multimedia University.
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8a | Models for Urban Planning | |
Polytechnic University of Bari
keywords: Contingent Valuation,
Transportation Planning, Urban Decongestion
abstract: This study
introduces a methodology for the evaluation, among a set of possible plans
and/or policies, of a transport system which could reduce the effects of the
network congestion on an urban area. Hence it is proposed a procedure which
contains a new element compared with the current methodologies that is the
final user’s evaluation of the examined system by turning to the application of
the contingent valuation method, a technique like stated preferences. The
approach we propose is based on the necessity for a determination of an optimal
solution to the urban congestion to be established on the politic acceptability
by the final user. Solutions which result virtually feasible for a public
administration both on a technique and economic point of view often meet
hostility by individuals. Consequently, it would be interesting for policy
makers to adopt a process of valuation which could let to understand the user’s
sensitivity and hostility towards specific configurations of the system, chosen
as solution to decongestion (traffic calming, road-pricing, auto-free zones)
and consequently to make less unpleasant the strategy to be carried out to
control congestion (Harrington et al., 2001). In this way, a user does not
judge the implementation of a set of projects made by a decision-maker as
imposition and he is willing to pay in order to fulfil the chosen scenario.
Finally we describe an application of the proposed methodology relating the
definition of the integrated transport system in the metropolitan area of Bari,
chief town of Apulia.
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Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
keywords: Design & Decision
Support Systems, Integrated Urban Models, Urban Planning, Urban Green Space
abstract: A spatial
decision support system for the planning, design and maintenance of urban green
space is presented. The objective of the system under development is to assist
local authorities and green space administrators to strategically enhance the
supply of urban greening with the right type and variety of green space that
maximizes public welfare. The system is being developed starting from a
modelling perspective and GIS functionalities are added conform the needed
analysis and subroutines within the system. The system has been written in the
C++ Borland Builder 5 programming environment. GIS capabilities and dynamic
mapping are added using MapObjects 2.0.
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University of Roma “Tor Vergata”
keywords: Urban Planning,
Models, Operations Research, Project Management
abstract: We consider
program proposals as separate projects and use an incremental decision process
(Incremental Functional Formulation) backed by methods of optimisation through
incremental and interactive decision processes which have been developed in
operations research. These methods fit the ill-structured problems in planning
better than the conventional optimisation methods. We'll conclude showing one
of the possible concrete applications of our model to a real-life case, where
one of the main results was a suggested expense of € 4 millions leading to the
90% of the result possible with the cost of € 10 millions (but with just a 40%
expenditure).
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Rio Grande do Sul Univerity – Ecology Centre – Brazil
keywords: Environment, Urban
Growth, Urban Morphology, Simulation
abstract: This work
presents the synthesis of a model of urban growth dedicated to accomplish
simulations of urban spatial dynamics, based on integrated urban and
environmental factors and promoting simultaneity among external and internal
growth. The city and surrounding environment are captured and modeled in
computational ambient, by application of the centrality / potential model
(Krafta, 1994 and 1999), with support of graph theory, cellular automata, GIS
and geocomputation. The model assumes the city as a field of opportunities for
obtaining income, mediated by the space, which is composed of urban and
environmental attributes, that work as attractors or as resistances for the
urban growth. The space configuration and the distribution of those attributes
generate tensions that differentiate qualitatively and quantitatively the
space, through the centrality measure (built with the support of graphs
techniques), coming to provoke growth in places with larger potential of
development (built with the help of techniques of CA – cellular automata).
Growths above environmental thresholds are considered problems, generated and
overcome in the same process of production of the urban space. Iterations of
that process offer a dynamic behaviour to the model, allowing to observe the
growth process along the time. The model presents several possibilities: a)
urban - natural environment integration; b) internal and external growth
integration; c) variety in the scale; d) GIS integration and geocomputation; e)
user interface; f) calibration; g) theoretical possibilities; and h) practical
possibilities.
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8b | Building Services and Performance | |
School of Built Environment, University of Nottingham, UK
keywords: Case-Based Reasoning,
Constraint Satisfaction Problem, Ceiling Voids Layout, Complex Geometry, Large
Problem.
abstract: In this paper an
object-based CAD programming is used to take advantage of standardization to
handle the schematic design, sizing, layout for services in a building ceiling
void. From the specification of the building 3D model, our software proceeds
through different steps; from the determination of the standard number and size
of fan coils to the generation of 3D solutions. In order to deal with more
complex geometry and larger problems, we have used a hybrid approach: Case
Based Reasoning (CBR) within Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) approaches.
In practice, engineers in building services use previous solutions and adapt
them to new problems. CBR mirrors this practical approach and does help us to
deal with increasingly complex geometry effectively, and meanwhile CSP has been
used for layout adaptation. The results have shown that it is possible to
define and implement standard solutions to produce designs comparable with
current practice. The benchmarking exercise has underlined many advantages and
made some suggestions for further development. This project is funded by The
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) in UK.
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Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands; TNO
Building and Construction Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
keywords: Health Prediction,
Built Environment, Epidemiology, Modelling
abstract: The influence of
built environments on vitality and productivity of users is paramount. Since
the introduction of Industrial, Flexible and Demountable Building, domotics,
smart buildings, in general: mass-produced, intelligent and learning built
environments, tailored built environments are within reach. This has resulted
in the need for methodologies to predict short-term and long-term health
effects of different built-environment constellations. Epidemiology has
developed and validated methods to assess changes in prevalence of inflictions
and other unhealthy conditions, as well as the number of healthy and vital
years in a life span. After analysing the relationships among building
(services) parts and its combinations, health determinants (exposures) and
health outcomes, we could adapt the healthy years assessment (DALY) to changes
in construction (insulation, air tightness) and building services engineering
(ventilation, heating) for dwellings under Dutch conditions. The most important
conclusion is that natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation and balanced
ventilation not only differ in their average health effect, but even more so in
the size of the ranges of these effects. Other systems, such as heat pumps or
photo voltaic cells are expensive but will become economically applicable when
healthcare costs are taken into account. These outcomes gave valuable clues for
product innovation and opened the possibility to model health in relation to
built environments. The method could also be applied to quality classification
systems for dwellings.
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Center for Buildings & Systems TNO – Eindhoven University
of Technology, The Netherlands
keywords: Building Performance
Simulation, Design Support
abstract: This paper
discusses some issues which hinder effective use of building performance
simulation in building design, and some approaches towards better and more
efficient use of this important but underutilized technology. In particular,
the paper discusses the issues of quality assurance, the relative slow software
developments and the limited use (usability) of building performance simulation
mainly during the final stages of the building design process.
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9 | Agent Technology 2 | |
Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
keywords: Land Suitability
Analysis, Multi-Agents, Knowledge Representation, Bayesian Decision Networks.
abstract: Land suitability
analysis typically involves the assessment of the suitability of land units
without knowing the future spatial distribution of land use. Traditional
planning techniques have used “algebraic equations” to express land suitability
as a weighted function of suitability scores across multiple criteria. However,
the existing multi-criteria evaluation methods do not systematically account
for uncertainty about the land use in adjacent and other cells. This paper
proposes an alternative approach to land suitability analysis that does address
the problem of uncertainty. In particular, Bayesian decision networks are
suggested as a means of knowledge representation for agents in a multi-agent
land use simulation system. Bayesian decision networks model the uncertainty in
terms of probabilities specified in the network representing the expertise of
specialists with respect to specific land uses. This paper discusses the
approach and illustrates its use in the context of a retail agent.
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Eindhoven University of Technology
keywords: Multi-Agent Systems,
Activity Modelling, Pedestrian Behaviour
abstract: The Amanda model
system uses a multi-agent approach in an attempt to simulate pedestrian dynamic
destination and route choice. Data collecting efforts are needed to calibrate
the model. This paper discusses these data requirements.
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Rio Grande do Sul Univerity – Urban & Regional Planning
Unit – Brazil
keywords: Urban Morphology,
Urban Growth, Simulation
abstract: The purpose of
this paper is to report efforts towards the construction of a model for urban
spatial dynamics simulation, based on multi-agents and space. The underlying
idea is to have urban space producers and consumers operating in a two-layer,
two-circuit model. The first layer holds urban space and its successive
transformations; a second layer contains agents related to space; the first
circuit simulates space production, and a second one simulates space
consumption. Relationship between layers is represented as objective spatial
features that agents are submitted to (the machine) and subjective meanings
agents attach to each spatial feature (the ghost). While space works always in
the same way, meanings vary according to each agent’s background and context.
Relationships between circuits are represented by means of a market game in
which producers try to maximize their profits by gambling with their risks,
whereas consumers try to foresee the spatial distribution of local
externalities that maximizes their utilities and investments. Urban Spatial
Features are captured through centrality and land use patterns; every single
agent’s action leads to changes in both patterns. Producers’ profit is a
function of built form location. Consumers’ local externalities are concerned
basically with present and future services. The model iteration is twofold:
first it generates and allocates a number of built forms within a previously
determined spatial system (a cellular matrix, for example), and second it
allocates users to built forms. Population of users have its social profile and
growth rate externally determined. Built form allocation is decided on the
basis of a combination of profitXrisk perspectives. Users’ locational choice is
supported by accessibility to services and present/future neighbourhood
profile. Built form allocation works as parameter for users’ locational
assessment, whereas users’ choices are used as parameters for developers. The
model tends to adjust itself, in terms of quantities and types of built forms
to be erected, although through a market lag of some iterations. Allocations
are always made through weighted draws, so that mutations (non deterministic
allocations) do occur.
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10 | Collaborative Design | |
The Bartlett Graduate School, University College
London,UK; Fraunhofer FIT; Aalborg University; SaabAvionics, Linie4
Architekten; Foster and Partners
keywords: Design Collaboration,
Tangible Interface, Gesture, Agent Simulation, Augmented Reality.
abstract: Immersive
virtual environments have received widespread attention as providing possible
replacements for the media and systems that designers traditionally use, as
well as, more generally, in providing support for collaborative work.
Relatively little attention has been given to date however to the problem of
how to merge immersive virtual environments into real world work settings, and
so to add to the media at the disposal of the designer and the design team,
rather than to replace it. In this paper we report on a research project in
which optical see-through augmented reality displays have been developed
together with prototype decision support software for architectural and urban
design. We suggest that a critical characteristic of multi user augmented
reality is its ability to generate visualisations from a first person
perspective in which the scale of rendition of the design model follows many of
the conventions that designers are used to. Different scales of model appear to
allow designers to focus on different aspects of the design under
consideration. Augmenting the scene with simulations of pedestrian movement
appears to assist both in scale recognition, and in moving from a first person
to a third person understanding of the design. This research project is funded
by the European Commission IST program (IST-2000-28559).
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Graduate Institute of Architecture, National Chiao Tung
University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
keywords: Interoperable,
Co-Design Support, Distributed Hybrid Agent Architecture, Collaborative
Design-Build
abstract: The
interoperable model of Co-design process and systems characteristics that is
required to reduce the adversarial nature of most construction projects.
Interoperable Co-Design System was used successfully to complete the Si-soft
Research Center of Taiwan. This project-alliancing project was analyzed as a
case study to evaluate the validity of the system. Main paradigms of the
Co-Design were reviewed and numerous examples from the management of this
project were cited that support the theoretical recommendations of this model.
It was concluded that the system use wild client/server network architecture
embedded with peer-to-peer agent technology to provide an open, familiar and
easily extended co-design system.
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Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
keywords: Collocated
Multi-Disciplinary Collaborative Design (CMCD), Shared Understanding, Computer
Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW), Group Activity, Design Space, Groupware
abstract: This review
identifies the research findings in the area of computer mediated, collocated,
multi-disciplinary collaborative design. After a general look into this and
related research areas, three influencing aspects of collaborative design are
reviewed. Design activities, working together, and collaborative systems that
fit into various work practices. Finally, we note missing points of research in
the area of collocated, multi-disciplinary, collaborative design.
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Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
keywords: Multi Agent Systems,
Design & Decision Support Systems, Collaborative Design, Human Computer
Interfaces, Machine learning, Data Mining
abstract: In this paper we
are drafting the outline of a framework for a Multi Agent System (MAS) for the
support of Collaborative Design in the architectural domain. The system we are
proposing makes use of Machine Learning (ML) techniques to infer personalized
knowledge from observing a users’ action in a generic working environment using
standard tools such as CAD packages. We introduce and discuss possible
strategies to combine Concept Modelling (CM)-based approaches using existing
ontologies with statistical analysis of action sequences within a domain
specific application. In a later step, Agent technologies will be used to
gather additional related information from external resources such as examples
of similar problems on the users hard disk, from corresponding work of
team-members within an intranet or from advises of expert from different
knowledge domains, themselves represented by agents. As users deny or reward
resulting proposals offered by the agent(s) through an interface the system
will be enhanced over time using methods like Reinforced Learning.
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Book ReferencesPage-numbers refer to the two books of proceedings as follows: |
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RA = | Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) 2004, Recent Advances in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020-2408-8. |
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D = | Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) 2004, Developments in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology. ISBN 90-6814-155-4. |